CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Nosocomial infections, also known as Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), are infections acquired during a hospital stay for conditions unrelated to the infection itself. These infections can manifest within 48 hours of admission or even after discharge (Hildron et al., 2022). They are commonly caused by pathogens such as bacteria (Lepelletier et al., 2020), viruses (De-Oliveira et al., 2020), and fungi found in the hospital environment, including air, surfaces, and equipment. These pathogens are typically not present in the patient before admission and are often transmitted through direct contact during invasive procedures (Anderson et al., 2021). Some pathogens exhibit high resistance to antimicrobial agents, leading to the use of more expensive and potent treatments (Mulvey & Simor, 2022). The prevalence of nosocomial infections is a significant concern globally, affecting patients across all age groups, i...